Nanoparticle and Powder Processing Services Specifications

Processing Capability


	Process Technology:
	Your choices are...
	Abatement / Containment		Abatement can be accomplished by removal or cleanup of the contaminant, or by encasing and limiting further release of the hazardous material or chemical. The release of material is sometimes accomplished by installation of a lining or barrier system. Primary and secondary containment systems are available. In cases where the primary containment fails, the secondary system prevents further leakage or leaching of hazardous materials. A tank or vessel would constituent a primary containment system, while a secondary containment system would include a liner or barrier around or below the tank or vessel. In cases where the primary containment fails, the secondary system prevents further leakage or leaching of hazardous materials into the environment.
	Acylation / Alkylation (e.g., Friedel-Crafts)		Acylation synthesis produces deactivated monoacylates through an electrophilic, aromatic substitution reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides. In the Friedel-Crafts alkylation processes, the electrophilic aromatic substitution is catalyzed by a Lewis-acid and produces alkylated products through the reaction of arenes with alkyl halides or alkenes. Alkyl groups can activate arene, resulting in polyalkylated products. Typically, Friedel-Crafts reactions for alkylation or acylation of aromatic compounds are catalyzed by aluminum chloride or other Lewis acids.
	Atomization / Powder Production		Powders are produced through an atomization, spray drying, milling, precipitation, or other proprietary process.
	Blending / Mixing		Mixers or blenders are driven by a shaft, speed reducer, or electric motor.
	Calendering		Calendering passes a textile web or warm, doughy mass of plastic or rubber material between a series of rollers to create a smooth and flat film, sheet, or fabric.
	Chamber Recovery		Chamber recovery services include the cleaning, stripping, and reclamation of precious metals deposited within internal surfaces of the PVD coating chamber.
	Cleaning / Stripping		Materials are cleaned or stripped so the material can be reused or fed into the recycling process.
	Coating		Bulk materials such as powders, granules, or continuous webs are coated.
	Compounding		Compounding mixes or blends and/or reacts all of the ingredients required to produce a finished product. For example, a compounded plastic resin or elastomer compound typically consists of base polymer resin(s), chemical additives, and reinforcing or extending fillers. Compounding can be used for plastics, rubber, elastomers, cleaning agents, lubricants, greases, masterbatch colorants (pigments, dyes), additive masterbatches, organic chemicals, chemical additives, metal working fluids, oils, oil and fuel additives, fuel mixtures, and other materials.
	Condensation / Cooling		Condensation changes a gas to a liquid or a solid, or a liquid to a solid. Chill roll systems, heat exchangers, chillers and direct convective cooling equipment are used cooling processes.
	Conversion / Forming		Conversion processes compact, form, cut or otherwise convert materials into different shapes or forms.
	Crushing / Compacting		Waste products are crushed, compacted, used for storage, contaminant extraction, or recycling. For example, used oil filters or containers are often crushed to extract any remaining waste oil.
	Crystallization		Crystallization cools a liquid solution or evaporates a solvent in order to form solid, solute crystals. As they leave the crystallizer, the slurry crystals are often forced through a circulation evaporator and may subsequently be separated from the liquid in a filter or centrifuge.
	Distillation		Distillation applies and removes heat in order to separate a liquid or vapor mixture of two or more substances into component fractions of a desired purity. Chemicals and conditions determine which distillation processes can be used. Examples include no-pressure distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation, molecular distillation, and thin film distillation.
	Drying / Freeze Drying		Drying uses evaporation, sublimation, or freeze-drying processes to remove liquids or moisture from bulk solids, powders, parts, continuous sheets or other liquids.
	Encapsulation / Encasement		Encapsulation entraps or encases a hazardous material to contain the pollutant for abatement, shipping, and/or storage purposes.
	Esterification		In the Fischer-Speier esterification method, esterification of acids occurs by refluxing with excess alcohol in the presence of hydrogen chloride or other acid catalysts.
	Evaporation		Evaporation is thermal separation or thermal concentration process that removes liquid from a solution, suspension, or emulsion by boiling.
	Fermentation / Biotransformations		Fermentation is used in the production of drugs, foodstuffs and beverages. The process uses fermentation, biological catalysts or enzymatic compounds, microrganisms, and other biological agents or biotransformations to process or synthesize products. Enzymes are very effective at breaking down certain proteins. Composting is a biotransformation process that uses bacteria to break down organic waste.
	Filtration / Extraction		Molecular sieve filtration often uses a porous molecular structure that selectively adsorbs or rejects molecules based on differences in molecular size or shape.
	Formulation		Formulas are developed for chemical, polymer, or material intensive products. Formulas provide ingredients, amounts, and processing instructions.
	Granulation / Agglomeration		Granulation, pelletization, briquetting or agglomeration are size enlargement processes. Granulation or agglomeration increases particle size by adhering or bonding together several fine particles with a liquid or wax binder to from larger agglomerates. Pelletization or briquetting compacts fine powders into larger pellets or briquettes.
	Halogenation (e.g., Fluorination / Chlorination)		Halogenation is the reaction, chemical combination or exposure of water or other chemicals to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or other halogens. Exposing water to chlorine can destroy biological contaminants. Halogenation processes include fluorination, chlorination, bromination, electrolytic fluorination and iodination as well as related processes such as iodine recovery.
	Hydroformylation / Formylation		Hydroformylation or formylation reactions such as Duff, Gattermann-Koch or Vilsmeier-Haack are performed. In Duff reactions, the formylation of phenols or aromatic amines with hexamethylenetetramine uses an acidic catalyst. Gattermann-Koch reactions are catalyzed by using aluminum chloride at high-pressure in order to achieve the formylation of benzene, alkylbenzenes or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. Formylation of the amino acids in proteins is a naturally occurring process.
	Hydrogenation		Hydrogenation is the reaction of hydrogen with another chemical or raw material. For example, Sorbital is formed through the hydrogenation of corn syrup. Formylation of the amino acids in proteins is a naturally occurring process. Fischer Tropsch (gas to liquids) or linear alpha olefin hydroformylation processes are used in the production of synthetic oils fluids. In the Fischer Tropsch reaction or Synthol process, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones are synthesized by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide using synthesis gas enriched from the passage of steam over heated coke. The Bergius reaction is used to synthesize petroleum-like hydrocarbons by the hydrogenation of coal at high temperatures and pressures (~ 450°C @ 300 atm) with or without catalysts.
	Heat Treatment		Thermal or heat treating services are provided to anneal, soften, harden, or otherwise transform materials.
	Melting / Spheroidization		Melting changes a solid to a liquid. Spheroidization melts or fuses particle surfaces in order to remove asperities.
	Organometallic / Grignard Reactions		Processing or expertise in using organometallic or Grignard reactions is available. Originally, Grignard reactions were the addition of organomagnesium compounds or Grignard reagents to carbonyl compounds to generate alcohols. The reaction scope now includes the addition of Grignard reagents to a wide variety of electrophilic substrates.
	Oxidation Reactions		Chemicals or materials with an oxidation reaction such as epoxidation are processed.
	Packaging / Microencapsulation		Packaging is used for chemicals, pharmaceuticals or bulk materials such as powders, granules, liquids or continuous webs. Alternatively, packaging also provides encapsulation, microencapsulation, tableting, blister packaging or drug delivery systems for powdered or liquid drugs, vitamins or other substances.
	Polymerization		Condensation, addition, or other reactions are used to polymerize or copolymerize monomers or intermediates into longer chain molecules.
	Reconditioning / Resurfacing		Reconditioning or refinishing of the scrap, surplus, excess or byproduct material to bring the material back to usable state.
	Recovery / Extraction		Extraction or recovery of valuable or reusable components from a waste stream or scrap material.
	Recycling / Reclamation		Recycling or reclamation services are performed, allowing scrap or waste material to be reused or sold for new applications.
	Reduction Reactions		A reduction reaction to process chemicals or materials is used.
	Refining / Purification		Refining or purification services.
	Screening / Grading		Screening, grading, sizing or other particle classification services for bulk or powdered materials are included.
	Sorting / Culling		The sorting or culling process enables recycling by separating materials into different waste streams, culling out hazardous materials, and segregating precious metals or other valuable components.
	Sterilization / Disinfection		Sterilization or disinfecting of chemicals, materials, surfaces or environmental media (water, soil, etc.) kills or destroys any microbial contamination (mold, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.).
	Storage		Storage of materials, chemicals, waste, scrap and hazardous materials may be provided.
	Synthesis		Reactions to synthesize chemicals or materials are performed.
	Treatment / Decontamination		Treatment or decontamination of liquids, oils, colloids, dispersions, water, soil, building materials, waste, scrap, powders, granules or other bulk materials.
	UV / Photochemical		Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is used to degrade, breakdown, sterilize certain compounds or chemicals. UV light or radiation sources are used to initiate reactions or cure certain polymers and resins.
	Other		Other unlisted processes or reactions.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

	Clean in Place		Facilities use clean-in-place (CIP) equipment that can be cleaned without disassembly. Typically, a spray device is used for cleaning.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.

	Clean Room		Facilities locate sterilization and/or manufacturing equipment in a clean room in order to eliminate or minimize the contamination of processed materials, chemicals or products.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.

	Cryogenic Processing		Chemicals or materials are processed at very low or cryogenic temperatures.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.

	Vacuum Processing		Vacuum processing of chemicals or materials is provided.
	Search Logic:		"Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice.

Materials and Chemicals Processed


	Form:
	Your choices are...
	Bulk Solids / Granules		Bulk solids or granules are processed.
	Gas / Liquid Gas		Processing or synthesizing of industrial gases or liquid gases such as argon, nitrogen, oxygen, methane, acetylene, propane or other gas mixtures.
	Liquids		Processing of liquids.
	Nanomaterials / Nanoparticles		Nanomaterials consist of particles with an average size of less than 100 nm.
	Powders		Powders are finely divided or powdered metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, minerals or other raw materials.
	Waste / Scrap		Processing waste or scrap.
	Other		Other unlisted forms.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

	Chemicals / Chemical Products:
	Your choices are...
	Biochemicals / APIs		Processing, reacting, extracting or synthesizing of biochemicals such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, amino acid analogs, DNA, RNA, steroids, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, lipids, animal fats, vegetable oils, waxes, sterols, triglycerides, other biological or botanical derivatives, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or high potency actives (HPAs).
	Catalysts / Initiators		Processing or synthesizing of catalysts or initiators.
	Chemical Agents / Additives		Processing or synthesizing chemical agents or additives such as stabilizers, plasticizers, flame retardants, release agents, etc.
	Cleaners / Surface Active Agents		Processing or producing of cleaning and surface active agents such as cleaners, detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, flocculants, dispersing agents, settling agents, and soaps (saponification end products).
	Inorganic Chemicals		Synthesizing or processing of inorganic chemicals.
	Monomers and Intermediates		Synthesizing or processing of monomers and intermediates.
	Organic Chemicals		Synthesizing or processing of organic chemicals such as alcohols, alfol esters, detergents, fertilizers, glycol ethers, herbicides, halogenated hydrocarbons, insecticides, organometallic compounds, silicone oils, tall oils, turpentine, and waxes.
	Pharmaceuticals / Drugs		Synthesizing or processing of pharmaceuticals or drugs, a category that includes vitamins, amino-acid esters, antibiotics, beta-carotene, ferments, glucose derivatives, hormones, antioxidants, and indoles.
	Polymers		Synthesizing or processing of polymers.
	Reagents		Synthesizing or processing of reagents.
	Solvents		Synthesizing or processing of solvents.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

	Materials / Material Products:
	Your choices are...
	Adhesives / Sealants		Synthesizing or processing of adhesives and sealants.
	Carbon / Graphite		Synthesizing or processing of carbon or graphite materials.
	Ceramics		Synthesizing or processing of ceramics.
	Coatings / Paint		Synthesizing or processing of coatings or paint.
	Metals / Elements		Synthesizing or processing of metals or high purity elements.
	Ferrous / Iron Based (Steel, Stainless)		Ferrous metals and alloys are based on iron. This category includes carbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, cast iron, maraging steel and other specialty iron-based alloys.
	Non-ferrous		Non-ferrous metals and alloys are not based on iron and include alloys of aluminum, copper, titanium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum, precious metals, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, refractory metals as well as many other metals and alloys.
	Noble / Precious Metal		Noble and precious metal alloys such as silver, gold, platinum and palladium alloys are extremely resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Noble and precious metal alloys are used in electrical contacts, electronic connectors, chemical process components, catalysts, jewelry and other specialized applications.
	Refractory / Reactive (Tungsten, Zirconium)		Refractory and reactive metals include boron (B), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb) / columbium (Cb), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), thorium (Th), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), rhenium ( ), and titanium (Ti). Refractory metals and alloys are metals with melting points above ~1750 C (~ 32000 F). Refractory metals include tungsten tantalum, molybdenum, niobium, and zirconium. Refractory metals are used in high temperature, structural, electrical, and other specialty applications. Reactive metals combine readily with oxygen at elevated temperatures to form very stable oxides. Titanium, zirconium, and beryllium are considered reactive metals. Finely divided reactive metals can react explosively with oxygen and are often added to rocket fuels or combustible mixtures. A highly stable oxide film formed on the alloy surface provides protection against further oxidization or corrosion at low to moderate temperatures. Reactive metals can become embrittled if there is too much interstitial absorption into the lattice of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
	Minerals		Synthesizing or processing of minerals.
	Wafers / Semiconductor Materials		Synthesizing or processing of wafers or semiconductor materials.
	Specialty / Exotic Alloy		Other unlisted, specialty or proprietary metals or alloy grades. These materials are based on a unique composition or alloy system, use a novel processing technology, or have properties designed for specific applications.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

Certifications / Quality Requirements


	Certifications / Quality Requirements
	Your choices are...
	AS 9100		AS 9001 is a set of quality guidelines and requirements published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in cooperation with major aerospace manufacturers. AS 9001 is based on ISO 9001 but maintains a particular focus on the aerospace industry.
	cGMP Compliant		Companies comply with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP).
	DOT		Supplier is permitted by the U.S. Department of Transportation to ship or transport specific class (solid, hazardous, medical, etc.) waste or scrap materials.
	EPA		Supplier is permitted by the EPA for specific recycling or reclamation activities or processes wasters in full compliance with standards, guidelines and methods set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
	FDA Registered		Company laboratories are accredited or accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
	ISO		Companies comply with International Standards Organization (ISO) standards. Examples include ISO 7779, ISO 9000, ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 13485, ISO 14000 and ISO 17025. ISO 7779 covers acoustics and the measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment. ISO 9000 establishes standards for quality management. ISO 9002, a certification that has been superseded by ISO 9001:2000, is dedicated to continuous improvement. ISO 13485 covers medical devices, quality management systems and requirements for regulatory purposes. ISO 14000 establishes standards for environmental management, a term that describes a company’s efforts to minimize its harmful effects on the environment and improve its environmental performance. ISO 17025 outlines general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.
	ISO 9001:2000		ISO 9001:2000 establishes requirements for company quality management systems. Standards range from manufacturing to services such as design, development, production, and installation.
	ISO 14001		ISO 14000 provides an internationally recognized framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation and auditing. It does not prescribe environmental performance targets, but instead provides organizations with tools for assessing and controlling the impact of activities, products or services on the environment. These standards are designed to be flexible enough to be used by any organization of any size and in any field. They address the following subjects: environmental management systems, environmental auditing, environmental labels and declarations, environmental performance evaluation, and life cycle assessment.
	QS 9000		QS 9000 is a quality standard for suppliers of DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation. QS 9000 is based on the 1994 edition of ISO 9001, but contains additional requirements that are particular to the automotive industry. Specifically, QS 9000 applies to suppliers of production materials, production and service parts, heat-treating, painting and plating, and other finishing services.
	MIL-SPEC Certified		Companies comply with military specifications (MIL-SPEC).
	RIOS (ISRI)		Supplier is registered or certified to the RIOS standard requirements. RIOS is the Recycling Industry Operating Standard established by ISRI, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries. RIOS provides management systems guidelines specifically targeted to plants, facilities and suppliers in the recycling industry. RIOS standard addresses the quality, environmental, health & safety issues in recycling operations.
	State Certification		Supplier is certified to State standards or recognized by the State as a valid recycling facility for a specific class of waste or scrap. A recycler can be certified in multiple States.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary certification or standard.
	Search Logic:		All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches.

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