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Applications:
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Your choices are...
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Chemical / Materials Processing
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Ceramics, refractory materials and components are suitable for chemical processing applications and provide high temperature and/or corrosion resistance. Materials include molten glass, ceramics, metals, plastics or other materials during milling, firing, calcination, fusion or other processes.
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Electrical / HV Parts
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Ceramics are used to fabricate electrical parts for high voltage or power applications such as insulators, igniters or heating elements.
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Electronics / RF and Microwave
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Ferrites, garnets, alumina / sapphire and silicates have sufficient dielectric properties for use in electronic, radio frequency (RF) and microwave devices such as antenna radomes, patch antenna substrates, thin / thick film substrates and resonators.
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Foundry / Metal Processing
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Ceramic and refractory crucibles, tubes, stoppers, liners, spouts, permanent molds, thermocouple protection tubes, combustion gas heater tubes, submersible heater tubes, die casting stalks / sleeves and other furnace components are used in foundries for melting and casting aluminum, steel, copper alloys or other metals.
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Optical / Semiconductor
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Specialized ceramic materials are designed for processing or fabricating optical components such as lenses, windows, prisms, optical fiber and lasing material components. Single crystal ceramics, transparent ceramics, sapphire and quartz are example of materials with optical applications. Ceramics and other non-metallic compounds or elemental semiconductors are used as substrates and wafers in semiconductor manufacturing. This category includes ceramics used for wafer chucks, wafer furnace boats and thin film chamber liners.
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Refractories / Thermal
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Refractories are hard, heat resistant materials and products such as alumina cement, fire clay, bricks, precast shapes, cement or monolithics and ceramic kiln furniture. Refractory ceramics have high melting points and are suitable for applications requiring wear resistance, high temperature strength, electrical or thermal insulation or other specialized characteristics.
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Structural Components
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Structural applications require ceramic components with suitable strength, modulus or other mechanical properties. Ceramics can have much higher compressive strengths and elastic moduli than metals.
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Wear Parts / Tooling
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Ceramics' excellent wear resistance properties find application in a variety of industrial products such as automotive rings, pump parts, valve seals / seats, faucet discs, papermaking machine dewatering strips, aluminum can dies, wire drawing dies and textile guides.
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Other
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Other unlisted, specialized or proprietary applications.
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Oxide Ceramic Type:
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Your choices are...
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Alumina / Aluminum Oxide
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Alumina or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is a compound of aluminum metal and oxygen used in the alpha alumina structural form. In its pure form, alumina is a white, high hardness ceramic. Fully dense alumina can be translucent. Alumina has found wide application due to its versatility and relatively low raw material cost. Depending on its purity and density, alumina is used in refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, dielectric substrates, wear components, refractory cements and abrasives. Alumina's main drawback is its relatively poor thermal shock resistance due its higher coefficients of thermal expansion and lower thermal conductivity compared to other pure ceramic materials such as silicon carbide (SiC).
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Alumina-Zirconia
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Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) and other zirconia-alumina ceramics are often used in wear applications as an intermediate solution between alumina and zirconia. ZTA offers increased fracture toughness over alumina at a lower cost compared to pure or high zirconia ceramics. Depending on its purity and density, alumina is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, wear components, refractory cements and abrasives.
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Aluminum Silicate (Lava, Sillimanite)
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Sillimanite, lava, fibrolite, and aluminum silicate (Al2SiO5) are compounds of silicon, aluminum and oxygen. Sillimanite is also a naturally occurring mineral. Lava is machinable in the unfired state. After firing lava develops higher hardness and can be used up to 2100°F.
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Calcium Aluminate
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Calcium aluminate (CaAlO3) refractories are usually derived from calcium aluminate, calcium or alumina-bearing minerals. Calcium aluminate is used in refractory cements and shapes as well as synthetic slag additions for metallurgical operations.
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Cordierite
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Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) or cordierite porcelain is a magnesium-aluminum silicate produced by fusing a mixture of talc, clay and aluminum oxide. Cordierite and cordierite mineral precursors are also known as magnesium-alumino silicate, dichroite and iolite. Cordierite has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, high mechanical strength, and low dielectric loss. Cordierite is commonly fabricated into an insulator or insulating substrate due to its good dielectric properties. Cordierite has excellent thermal shock resistance. It can withstand red heat to ice water quenching and then be returned to red heat. High-fire cordierite body will withstand a temperature rise from 70º C to 1800º C in 80 seconds, followed by an immediate room temperature air quench.
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Dolomite (MgO-CaO)
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Dolomite refractories are based on calcium magnesium oxide and are usually derived from calcium magnesium carbonate minerals.
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Ferrite / Garnet
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Ferrites, garnets and ferromagnetic materials have dielectric and magnetic properties that are useful for radio frequency (RF), microwave or specialized industrial applications.
Ferromagnetic materials can consist of ferrite powders, ferrite powder bound in a polymer resin matrix, ferrite powders fired into a consolidated ceramic shape or ferromagnetic particle suspended in a carrier fluid.
Ferromagnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid are called magneto-rheological fluids or ferrofluids. The viscosity of the fluid changes under an applied magnetic field. Ferrofluids are used in speakers, dynamic rotary seals, brake or specialized dampening devices.
Ferrites and garnets are ferrimagnetic oxides with dielectric and magnetic properties that are useful for RF and microwave applications. Ferrite's high electrical resistivity coupled with low magnetic losses is critical in maintaining low insertion loss in microwave devices. The three major structural groups of microwave or RF ceramics are spinels, hexagonal spinels and rare earth garnets. Spinel ferrites typically have general formula of AB2O4. Iron based ferrites have the general formula MO-Fe2O3 where M is a divalent ion such as Fe, Ni, Cu, Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, Li. Hexagonal ferrites, hexaferrites or magnetoplumbites group have the general formula of AB12O19 and include barium ferrite and strontium ferrites (BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19). Rare earth garnets have a fairly complex structure with the general formula of (3M2O3)C(2Fe2O3)A(3Fe2O3)D where M is yttria or rare earth ion and (A,C,D) are lattive site. Yttrium aluminum garnet or YIG (Y2Fe5O12) is a common microwave or ferromagnetic garnet. Magnetization levels are modified by substituting Al for Fe combinations of Ho, Dy, Gd for Y in microwave or ferromagnetic garnets.
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Forsterite
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Forsterite is a stoichiometric magnesium orthosilicate (Mg2SiO4) utilized for applications requiring a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Forsterite has desirable electrical insulation properties and it is used as a layer on transformer steel sheets. The layer is formed by the reaction of magnesium oxide with the silicon additions of the steel during annealing. Forsterite is also used in bulk form to fabricate insulators.
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Glass Ceramic
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Glass ceramics are ceramics that can be fused and then molded, formed, ground or machined using conventional glass fabrication techniques. After part fabrication, the glass ceramic's structure is transformed from an amorphous glassy state to crystalline ceramic state. MACOR® is widely applied glass ceramic with a fluorine rich glass composition approaching trisilicic fluorphlogopite mica (KMg3AlSi3O10F2). MACOR® is a trademarked proprietary material of Corning Corporation. Ceran®, Ceramat®, Robax® and Zerodur® are widely applied proprietary glass ceramics from Schott Glass Corporation.
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Kaolin / Fireclay Based
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Kaolin based refractories or ceramics are using natural kaolin or a mixture of clay and other ceramics such as alumina, calcium aluminate or silicon carbide. Kaolin acts as a binder and provides plasticity. Kaolin is a hydrous aluminum silicate [Al2(Si205)(0H)4] based mineral clay. Kaolin is also referred to as clay, anhydrous aluminum silicate, aluminum silicate dihydrate, nacrite, dickite, kaolinite, calcined, kaolinite; china clay, bolus alba, porcelain clay, aluminum, silicate hydroxide, or aluminum silicate (hydrated). The plate-like structure allows particles in a wet clay mass to slide across each other and maintain plasticity. Kaolin is a white soft plastic clay composed primarily of well-ordered kaolinite mineral [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] with minor amounts of quartz, feldspar, and sheet silicate minerals (mica, illite, smectite, and chlorite). Geologically, there are two types of kaolin deposits, i.e., primary and secondary kaolin. Primary kaolin is formed through the alteration, or kaolinization, of in-situ minerals of feldspar and other aluminum silicates to kaolinite. Secondary kaolin is laid down as sediments, usually in fresh water, far from the place of origin. Various types of secondary kaolin are ball clay, fireclay, or flint clay depending on kaolinite content and their properties.
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Magnesia / Magnesite
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Magnesia ceramics or refractories are based on compounds magnesium and oxygen. Magnesite or magnesia refractories or minerals are also known as magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, deadburned magnesite, calcined magnesite, periclase or magnesia clinker. Depending on the origin and processing, magnesia is divided into caustic, dead-burnt, fused, precipitated, sintered or calcined and synthetic magnesia forms. The high melting point (2800°C) and the heat resistance (1700°C in the reducing and 2300 °C in oxidizing atmosphere) of magnesium oxide make it suitable for the production of refractories. Magnesite is the naturally occurring mineral or ore used to produce magnesium oxide based refractories. Magnesite often contains iron, manganese or other activator elements. Magnesium oxide refractories with a carbon bond are frequently used in the steel industry. Magnesite refractories have good resistance to molten iron and steel.
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Porcelain
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Porcelain materials are used for both useful industrial and ornamental applications. Traditional porcelain is made from a mixture of feldspar, clay (koalin) and flint. Steatite or cordierite porcelains are commonly used in electrical insulator applications. Many porcelain compositions are based on the K20-Al203-SiO2 or Mg0-Al203-SiO2 ternary systems. The term "porcelain' comes from the Italian "porcell" which means "little pig," a name given to a smooth, white cowrie shell.
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Mullite
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Mullite (3Al2O3-2Si02 or Al6Si2O13) is a compound of aluminum, silicon and oxygen. Mullite can also be viewed as a phase in the alumina-silica binary system. Mullite is a synthetic, fused or calcined crystalline aluminum silicate produced in electric arc furnaces from alumina and silica. Mullite usually has an off-white or tan color. Depending on the purity and density, mullite can have superior dielectric and thermal shock properties and resistance to slag & silicate refractory bonds. Mullite is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, dielectric substrates, wear components and in refractory cements. Refractory grade mullite or alumina-mullite mixtures are often derived by calcining Kyanite minerals.
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Quartz / Fused Silica
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Fused silica is a compound of silicon and oxygen. High purity amorphous fused silica is a high performance ceramic with very low expansion, remarkable thermal shock resistance, low thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation up to 1000°C and excellent resistance to corrosion from molten metal and glass. Quartz is typically a high purity form of silica. Quartz is found in a mined mineral formed as well as man-made fused quartz forms. Fused quartz is a high purity, crystalline form of silica used in specialized applications such as semiconductor wafer boats, furnace tubes, bell jars or quartzware, silicon melt crucibles, high performance lamps such as mercury and quartz halogen, ultraviolet (UV) lamps, thermocouples protector, waveguide handles, analytical labware and other high temperature products. Single crystal quartz is also available for piezoelectric applications.
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Sapphire
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Sapphire is a high purity and density, single crystalline form of aluminum oxide, which may contain chromia, titania, yttria or other dopants. Sapphire is usually transparent or translucent. Sapphire ceramics are used in lasers, substrates, jewel bearings, watch crystals or other specialized optical, wear and electronic applications. Ruby, corundum, topaz are other names for natural or synthetic sapphire. Ruby is chromium doped sapphire used in optical filters and laser rods.
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Silicate (Fused Silica, CaSiO3)
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Oxide ceramic based on a silicate system such as fused silica, calcium silicate (CaSiO3), aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate or quartz. Fused silica is a compound of silicon and oxygen. High purity amorphous fused silica is a high performance ceramic with very low expansion, remarkable thermal shock resistance, low thermal conductivity, excellent electrical insulation up to 1000°C and excellent resistance to corrosion from molten metal and glass.
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Steatite
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Steatite or steatite porcelains are based on hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO-4SiO2-4H2O), which are similar in compositions to naturally occurring soapstone or mineral talc. Steatite ceramics may also have additions of alumina, calcia and ferrous oxide. Resistance heater and electrical insulators are commonly made of steatite due to the materials low cost, refractoriness and high electrical resistance even at high temperatures. Steatite and steatite minerals are also known as soapstone, massive talc, block steatite and soapstone silicate. Steatite ceramic is ideal for high frequency, low loss, and high voltage insulation. Steatite has good mechanical properties and low loss electrical qualities. It is ideal for resistor forms, igniters, standoffs, surge arrestors, coil forms, spacers, spark plugs, etc. Steatite is easily fabricated to close tolerances and is much less expensive than alumina ceramic insulators.
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Titania / Titanate
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Titania or rutile minerals (TiO2) are compounds consisting of titanium and oxygen. Titanates are compounds consisting of titanium, an additional cation (Ba, Al, Sr) and oxygen such as BaTiO3. Titania and titanates are usually used as additions to other refractories or for their specialized electrical or piezoelectric properties.
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Zircon
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Zircon is a compound of a zirconium silicate, ZrSiO4, which is found in nature in the form of zircon sand. Zircon has useful refractory properties.
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Zirconia
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Zirconia or zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is an extremely refractory compound of zirconium and oxygen. Zirconia may have additions of calcia, magnesia or yttria to stabilize the structure into a cubic structure. Zirconia stabilized in the cubic crystal structure avoids cracking and mechanical weakening during heating and cooling. Certain zirconia materials have the ability to transformation toughen (tetragonal to monoclinic phase change) under applied stress and it is frequently used in wear applications requiring improved fracture toughness and stiffness over alumina. Zirconia ceramics possess excellent chemical inertness and corrosion resistance at temperatures well above the melting point of alumina. Zirconia is more costly than alumina, so it is only where alumina will fail. Zirconia has low thermal conductivity and it is an electrical conductor above 800°C. Zirconia is used to fabricate oxygen sensors or fuel cell membranes because zirconia possesses the unique ability to allow oxygen ions to move freely through the crystal structure above 600°C. Zirconia products should not be used in contact with alumina above 1600°C. Depending on the purity and density zirconia is used for refractory tubes, industrial crucibles, analytical labware, sensors, wear components, refractory cements, thermocouple protection tubes, furnace muffles, liners and high temperature heating element supports.
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Specialty (HfO2, Y2O3, CeO2, etc.)
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Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary refractory or clay material.
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Composite / Hybrid?
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Composite materials consist of a matrix material reinforced with a stronger or higher modulus second phase. The second phase may be in the form of particulates, chopped fibers or continuous fibers. The matrix may consist of a ceramic (CRC, ceramic matrix composite), a metal (MMC or metal matrix composite) or a polymer material. Ceramic or glass fibers are commonly utilized as the reinforcement due to their high strength and/or modulus.
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Ceramic Form / Shape:
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Your choices are...
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Application Specific / Custom
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Materials are fabricated in the form of a custom or application-specific shape such as a crucible, valve seat, blade, diffuser, furnace lining or degasser.
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Block
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Block consists of bulk stock in the form of a large rectangular shape where the material has considerable thickness. Graphite and certain refractory ceramics are available in block shapes.
Block may also refer to refractory bricks or blocks that are stacked to form an insulating furnace, boiler or other thermal process vessel wall. The bricks are usually cemented together with a refractory mortar.
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Bar Stock
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Stock products are available in the form of solid bar or rod stock, usually with a square cross section. Stock forms can be made with rectangular, oval, hexagonal or other forms.
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Blanket / Batt
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Blankets or batts (batting) are made of thick layers of woven and/or nonwoven fabric sheets.
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Electrode
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Carbon or carbide materials with compositions and shapes designed for electrode applications such as carbon arc furnace electrodes, carbon battery electrodes, EDM electrodes and welding electrodes.
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Fabric / Cloth
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Fabrics and cloth products are made by weaving, knitting, braiding, or extrusion. The properties of finished products depend upon the manufacturing process, fiber material, and fiber size.
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Ferrule
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Products are ferrules suitable for fiber optic, electronic or refractory applications. Electronic and optical ceramic ferrules are used in the alignment of optical fiber and in spacing or insulating electronic components.
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Fiber / Filament
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Bulk chopped fibers or thin, continuous fiber filaments are used typically in composite reinforcement applications, flowable insulation or as the key component in woven fabrics, braids, knits, rope roving or other specialty fabrics.
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Hollow / Tubular Shape
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Stock products are in the form of a hollow shape, cylinder, split cylinder, tube or pipe. Cylinders or split cylinders tend to have thicker walls compared to tube products.
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Nonwoven Product
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Nonwoven products are textile- or fiber-based materials shaped into mats of randomly-oriented fibers, felt, needlepunched cloth, spun bound, or meltblown structures.
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Plate / Board (e.g., Fiberboard)
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Stock products are available in the form of a solid plate, slab, board or substrate. The board or plate may consist of a ceramic fiberboard product, a dense sintered ceramic plate, or a precast cement bonded slab.
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Powder / Grain
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Stock products are available in a particulate form such as a powder, abrasive grain or fused and crushed aggregate.
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Precursor
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Stock or standard products are in the form of a liquid, solid or gaseous chemical precursor.
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Rod Stock
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Stock products are available in the form of a solid bar or rod stock, usually with a round cross section.
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Rope / Cordage
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Products that are made from twisted or braided rope or cordage. Heat-insulating rope or braid is used to provide a thermal seal around doors or other openings in furnace walls.
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Roving / Yarn
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Roving is made of tows, untwisted bundles of continuous filaments. Yarn is made of continuous, often plied strands of natural or man-made fibers or filaments.
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Sphere Shape / Bearing Ball
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Products are ceramic sphere shapes for grinding attrition media, mechanical applications (check or ball valve), blasting, catalyst supports, tower packing or other applications. Bearing or precision balls are precision-ground for hybrid ball bearings or other motion system application.
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Sleeving / Wrap
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Sleeves or wraps are flexible, fibrous refractory products for insulating pipes, tubes, ducts and other process components.
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Filter / Diffuser
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Spargers or diffusers are porous ceramics used to blow fine bubbles of a gas into a metal melt to remove impurities, particulates or other detrimental melt gases, de-oxidize melts, and enable chemical reactions. Filters are porous ceramics are used to remove impurities by passing the molten materials through the filter.
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Tube / Cylinder
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Tube stock has a single, central bore or inner diameter. Tubes are commonly used as heating elements, for thermocouple protection, or channeling molten metal.
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Wafer Carrier
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Wafer carriers are specialized holders for processing of silicon or compound (GaAs) semiconductor wafers. Ceramics are used to fabricate wafer carriers due to their corrosion resistance and refractoriness.
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Wafer / Substrate
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Ceramic products are in the form of thin substrates and wafers for semiconductor, thin and thick film deposition and optoelectronic applications. The ceramic material may be a dielectric insulator, a semiconductor or a semi-insulator. Wafers for semiconductor applications usually consist of round substrates that are precision polished and planarized.
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Woven Product
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Woven products are used for composite tooling and the formation of structures. Continuous fibers are processed into two- or three-dimensional structures by weaving fibers on a loom.
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Webbing (Ribbon / Strap)
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Products including woven ribbons, webbing, strapping or tape.
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Other
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Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary material product form.
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Use Temperature
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This is the maximum temperature to which the refractory or ceramic material can be exposed momentarily without the degradation of structural or other required end-use properties. The maximum use temperature is usually equal to the melt temperature of the metal, glass or other material contained by refractory body the in the furnace, boiler or process unit.
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Thermal Conductivity
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Thermal conductivity is the linear heat transfer per unit area through a material for a given applied temperature gradient. Heat flux (h) = [thermal conductivity (k) ] x [temperature gradient (Δ T)]
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User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.
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MOR / Flexural Strength
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Modulus of rupture (MOR), cross-break strength or flexural strength (3-point or 4-point) is the maximum flexural stress a bar can withstand before failure or fracture occurs. The bar is supported by two points beneath the bar and the load is applied by one or two points above the bar. Cross break strength is used to evaluate the strength of ceramics or other materials that do not provide sufficient plastic deformation to reliably tensile test.
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Electrical Resistivity
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Resistivity is the longitudinal electrical resistance (ohm-cm) of a uniform rod of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity.
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User may specify either, both, or neither of the "At Least" and "No More Than" values. Products returned as matches will meet all specified criteria.
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Material Features:
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Your choices are...
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Dielectric Ceramic
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Ceramics have intrinsically low electrical conductivity. Internal porosity lowers bulk electrical conductivity. Insulators for direct current (DC) or low frequency (AC) current must have a high resistivity, a good thermal resistivity and a low dilation coefficient in order to have sufficient resistance to thermal shock. The porosity must be very low. The surface vitrification must be perfect to avoid water absorption and to improve mechanical resistance. The most commonly used materials are porcelains, mainly ternary compounds (Al2O3-SiO2-MgO). Such insulators are especially used as supports for electric oven resistors or heating elements.
Ceramics used for high frequency insulator applications require a low dielectric constant and a small loss tangent. The careful selection of of raw materials saves the surface from having to be vitrified. A vitrified surface would increase the value of the dissipation factor.
For very high frequencies (UHF), high purity dense alumina, fired at temperatures above 1600° C, is generally used. For powerful tubes, big alumina insulators must be assembled on metallic electrodes. This application is used for television or satellite transmitter tubes or for microwave generators for heating, for example, or for powerful lasers.
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Electrostrictive Ceramic
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Electrostrictive ceramics are relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. Strain varies quadratically with electric field for an electrostrictor rather than linearly as in a piezoelectric ceramics. Relaxors exhibit very high dielectric constants ( K > 20,000), diffuse ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transitions, and electrostrictive strain vs. electric field behavior. Electrostrictors excel at high frequencies and very low driving fields and are applied in specialized microactuators. Electrostrictors display little or no hysteretic loss even at very high frequencies of operation due to the lack of spontaneous polarization. For transducer applications, electrostrictors must operate under a DC bias field to induce piezoelectric behavior. Operation under bias is characterized by field dependent piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients. Relaxors exhibit poor temperature stability and they operate best in situations where the temperature can be stabilized to within approximately 10° C.
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Glaze / Protective Coating
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Ceramic or refractory body that uses or is available with a glaze (fused glass enamel), metallized coating, plastic coating or other protective coatings. The coating may seal porosity, improve water or chemical resistance or enhance joining to metals or other materials.
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Machinable
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Machinable ceramics can be machined in the green, glass or finished state without excessive chipping. Non-machinable ceramics are typically ground to finished dimensions often with superabrasive grinding wheels.
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Piezoelectric Ceramic
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Piezoelectric ceramics include quartz and ferroelectric or perovskite materials. Ferroelectric materials include lead titanates, lead zirconates, lead zirconate titanates (PZT), barium titanates, barium tantalate and lead magnesium niobates. Ferroelectric materials and have the general formula ABO3. Piezoelectric materials produce an electrical charge when a load is applied and deformation occurs. These properties make piezoelectric materials useful for pressure or load sensors. Inversely, piezoelectric materials produce force or deformation when a load is an electrical charge applied. These properties make piezoelectric materials useful for microactuators, nanoactuators or piezoelectric motors.
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Porous / Fiber Based
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Porous, foam and fiber based ceramics have a large degree of open or closed internal pores that provide a thermal barrier in a light weight or low density form. Open celled or reticulated foam ceramics are useful in filtering molten metals.
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Single Crystal
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A material consisting of a monocrystal or single grain without any grain boundaries where the atoms maintain the same unit cell pattern and orientation throughout the material. Single crystal materials are useful in certain electronic, RF & microwave and magnetic applications.
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Sintered / Fused / CVD
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A homogeneous ceramic material where individual grains or crystal are bonded to each without the introduction of a foreign material (binder) beyond small traces of dopants or sintering aids. The materials are formed and/or densified through:
- Pressing and sintering or firing
- Hot pressing or hipping
- Extrusion
- Fusing and casting or crystal growth
- Deposition process (CVD or PVD)
Single crystal materials also do not contain any foreign material.
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