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Diode Type
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General Purpose (PN Junction Diodes)
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PN junction diodes are used for general-purpose applications. They are also known as PN diodes, PN junctions, and small-signal diodes.
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Zener Diodes
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Zener diodes act as normal rectifiers until the applied voltage reaches a certain point. At this point (the Zener voltage or avalanche voltage), the diode conducts.
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Schottky Barrier Diodes
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Schottky diodes, in their simplest form, consist of a metal layer that contacts a semiconducting element. This metal / semiconductor junction exhibits rectifying behavior (i.e., the current passes through the structure more readily with one polarity than the other). Schottky diodes are used primarily in high frequency and fast-switching applications. Because they operate only with majority carriers, there is no reverse leakage current as with other types of diodes.
With Schottky diodes, the metal region is heavily occupied with conduction-band electrons. The N-type semiconductor region is lightly doped. When forward-biased, the higher energy electrons in the N-region are injected into the metal region, where they give up their excess energy very rapidly. Since there are no minority carriers (as with conventional rectifier diodes), there is a very rapid response to a change in bias. For this reason, Schottky diodes are used in high-frequency applications and in many digital circuits to decrease switching times. Schottky diodes are also known as hot-carrier diodes.
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PIN Diodes
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PIN diodes are three-layer semiconductor diodes consisting of an intrinsic layer separating heavily-doped P and N layers. The charge stored in the intrinsic layer, in conjunction with other diode parameters, determines the resistance of the diode at RF and microwave frequencies. Typically, this resistance ranges from kilohms to less than 1 ohm for a given diode. PIN diodes are often used as switches or attenuator elements.
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Varactor Diodes
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Varactor diodes are P-N junction diodes that act as voltage-controlled capacitors when operated under reverse bias. PN junctions have inherent capacitance. When the junction is reverse biased, increasing the applied voltage causes the depletion region to widen, thus increasing the effective distance between the two "plates" of the capacitor and decreasing the effective capacitance. By adjusting the doping gradient and junction width, the capacitance range can be controlled, and the way-capacitance changes with the applied reverse voltage. A four-to-one capacitance range is not problematic. In fact, a typical varactor diode (sometimes called a "varicap diode") can vary from 60 picofarads (pf) at zero-bias down to 15 pf at 20 volts (V). Precision manufacturing can achieve a capacitance range of up to ten-to-one. Typically, varactor diodes are used in electronic tuning systems to eliminate the use of and need for moving parts.
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Step-recovery Diodes
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Step-recovery diodes or snap-off diodes use graded doping where the doping level of the semiconductive materials is reduced as the PN junction is approached. This produces an abrupt turn-off time by allowing a very fast release of stored charge when switching from forward to reverse bias. It also allows a rapid re-establishment of forward current when switching from reverse to forward bias. Step-recover diodes are used in very high frequency (VHF) and fast-switching applications.
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Tunnel Diodes
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Tunnel diodes are heavily doped P-N diodes in which electron tunneling from the conduction band in the N-type material to the valence band in the P-type region produces a region of negative resistance. The most important region of operation for tunnel diodes is this negative resistance region where, as the voltage is increased, the current decreases. This feature makes tunnel diodes very useful in oscillators and RF applications.
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RF Diodes
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RF diodes are designed to handle high-power radio frequency (RF) signals in devices such as stereo amplifiers, radio transmitters, television monitors, and other radio frequency or microwave devices.
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Transient Voltage Suppressor Diodes (TVS)
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Transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diodes are semiconductor diodes that are specifically designed to limit over-voltages. TVS diodes can dissipate high transient power in short amounts of time.
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Current Limiting Diodes
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Current limiting diodes (CLD) regulate current over a wide voltage range. There are several types of current limiting diodes (CLD). Examples include current regulator diodes, constant current diodes, and current limit diodes.
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Gunn Diodes
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Gunn diodes or transfer electron devices (TED) exhibit a negative resistance region. They are used in high-frequency applications, often for building RF oscillators.
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IMPATT Diodes
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Impact ionization avalanche transit-time (IMPATT) diodes are designed to operate at very high frequency and power. They are used as elements in RF and microwave devices.
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Other
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Other unlisted or proprietary diode types.
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Diode Applications
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Rectifier Diode
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Rectifier diodes are electronic devices that allow current to flow in only one direction. They act as a one-way valve and are used to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The difference between a standard diode and a rectifier is that a rectifier is usually rated at a breakdown voltage greater than 50V and has a power rating greater than 1W.
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Limiter
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Diodes can be used as voltage limiters or in voltage limiter circuits.
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Switching
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Diodes can be used in high-speed switching applications.
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Modulation
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Diodes can be used in modulation systems, such as in AM or FM modulators.
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Amplification
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Diodes are used in amplifier circuits.
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Voltage Regulation
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Diodes are used in voltage regulator circuits.
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Damper
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Damper diodes are designed for use in television sets. They are often found in the circuit used for the horizontal deflection of a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor.
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Low Leakage
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Diodes are used in low leakage applications.
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Detector
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Diodes are used in detector applications.
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Mixer
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Diodes are used in mixers.
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Protector
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Diode protectors are used to protect electronic components from unwanted transients such as current and voltage surges, electrostatic discharge (ESD), lightning, spikes and other signals that can imperil the operation or damage the component.
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Power Diode
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Power diodes are generally used in high-power applications. These diodes are designed to pass large amounts of current via large P-N junctions. Large junctions allow the diode to dissipate the large amount of heat that is generated by the high current. Power diodes can withstand high voltages when operated in reverse bias.
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High Voltage
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Diodes are designed for use in high-voltage applications.
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Other
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Other unlisted or specialized diode applications.
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