Inertial and Gyro Systems Specifications

Linear Acceleration Specifications


	Linear Acceleration Range		Linear acceleration range is the maximum acceleration to measure. One "g" is the gravity on earth: 32.2 ft/sec² or 9.8 m/s².
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	Bandwidth		Linear bandwidth is the frequency range over which the device meets its accuracy specifications. Accuracy is degraded at lower and lower frequencies unless the device is capable of DC response. Accuracy is also degraded at higher frequencies near resonance and beyond, where the output response rolls off. Typically, the stated frequencies are the 3-dB rolloff frequencies.
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	Transverse Sensitivity		Linear transverse sensitivity is the maximum output signal due to acceleration along an axis orthogonal to the sensitive axis under consideration. It is expressed as a percentage of the orthogonal input angular acceleration. Linear transverse sensitivity is a measure of imperfection. A perfect accelerometer would be insensitive to rotation in a direction exactly orthogonal to the sensitive direction, but no device is perfect.
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	Accuracy		Linear linearity is a measurement of the linear acceleration output that accounts for factors such as hysteresis, drift, and nonlinearity. It is expressed as a percentage (±) of full scale and sometimes called linearity, non-linearity, or accuracy.
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Output Options


	Electrical Output
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	Analog Voltage		Devices produce analog DC voltage outputs such as ±5 V, 0 - 10 V, etc.
	Current Loop		Devices produce current loop outputs such as 0 - 20mA, 4 -20 mA, 10 - 50mA, etc.
	Pulse / Frequency		The control output is an analog frequency value, a pulse train, or a similar variable.
	Switch / Relay Output		The output is a switch or relay that can be "on" or "off".
	Serial / Digital		Device outputs include signals in serial, parallel, Ethernet or other digital formats which indicate a process variable. This includes process measurement, but not communication lines.
	Network / Fieldbus Output		Devices output information using an industrial fieldbus protocol such as CANbus, PROFIBUS^®, SERCOS, or other industrial automation protocol. PROFIBUS is a registered trademark of PROFIBUS International.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary control signals.
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Technology
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	Angular Rate Measurement		The technology used to sense the angular / rotary rate.
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	Optical		Optical gyros permit the reflection of a laser ray many times within an enclosure. If the enclosure rotates, the duration between the moment of laser emittance and eventual reception is different. With ring laser gyros (RLF), the laser reflection is achieved with mirrors inside the enclosure. With fiber optic gyros (FOG), the laser reflection is achieved with a coil of optical fiber. The laser emitter deteriorates over time, however, and the fiber is fragile and has a limited life.
	Spinning Mass		Spinning mass gyros use a steadily-moving mass with a free-moving axis (gimbal). They are very fragile and require regular maintenance. When a spinning mass gyro is titled, the gyroscopic effect causes precession – motion orthogonal to the direction tilt sense – along the axis of the rotating mass, indicating that the angle has moved. Because mechanical constraints cause numerous error factors, the axis of a spinning mass gyro is usually fixed with springs. Spring tension is proportional to the precession speed. Dry-tuned gyros or dynamically tuned gyros are spinning mass gyros that are designed to cause very small mechanical constraints once the spinning speed reaches the specified speed. A dynamically tuned gyro should not be confused with a gyrocompass, a large spinning-mass device that is made to rotate and maintain the same direction as the earth’s rotation. Gyrocompasses provide true north readings at all times, whereas dry-tuned gyros provide information about the relative change of angles.
	Vibrating		Vibrating gyros use micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology and a vibrating, quartz tuning-fork to measure Coriolis force. When rotated, a vibrating element (vibrating resonator) is subjected to the Coriolis Effect, causing secondary vibration orthogonal to the original vibrating direction. By sensing the secondary vibration, the gyro can detect the rate of turn. Some vibrating gyros are called piezo, ceramic or quartz gyros because they use the piezo-electric effect to exert and detect vibration. Note, however, that vibration and detection do not necessarily use the piezo effect. Most piezo, ceramic, and quartz gyros are mass-produced and require little maintenance. Products that use a tuning fork or beam-shaped (often triangular) vibrating element with solid support to the base or case may not be able to distinguish between secondary vibration and external vibration. Dumpers that affect rotational motion only worsen the gyro’s response. As a result, some suppliers use a ring-shaped element that is suspended by spokes and vibrates up and down in a squeezed, oval-shaped motion. With this design, external vibration does not cause the squeezed, oval vibration mode. The lateral-only suspension from the surrounding spokes protects the element from linear vibrations and shocks regardless of how the gyro is strapped down to the base.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary angular technologies.
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	Linear Acceleration Measurement		The technology used to sense linear acceleration. Most devices measure the displacement of a proof mass.
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	Capacitance		Capacitance-based devices measure the variable capacitance between the support structure and the proof mass. The variable gap between the two is measured in a capacitance measurement circuit.
	Eddy Current		When an Eddy current probe comes close to the surface of a metal, circulating currents are generated in the sensor. The varying proximity of the sensor to the object results in a fluctuating output related to vibration.
	Fiber Optic		Fiber optic elements are flexible strands of glass or plastic that transmit light along their length by maintaining the near-total internal reflection of the light, which is accepted at the input end.
	Inductive		Inductive position sensors are noncontact devices that determine an object's coordinates (linear or angular) with respect to a reference. Displacement is measured when the object moves from one position to another at a specified distance (or angle).
	MEMS		Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices are typically manufactured by silicon surface micromachining.
	Null-balance		Null-balance devices keep the mass nearly centered with positional feedback and a servo-mechanism.
	Piezoelectric		Piezoelectric devices compress a piezoelectric material and generate a charge that is measured by a charge amplifier.
	Piezoresistive		Piezoresistive devices change resistance when the material is under pressure, stressed, or deflected.
	Resonant		Resonant devices provide frequency-shift outputs.
	Strain Gauge		For strain gage devices, strain gages (strain-sensitive variable resistors) are bonded to parts of the structure that support the proof mass. Typically, these strain gages are used as elements in a Wheatstone bridge circuit, which is used to make the measurement.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or linear technologies.
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Features


	RoHS		Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS will become effective on July 1, 2006.
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	Features
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	Data Recorder		The inertial and gyro system is a sensor/recorder that tags all events with a time and data to provide a history of the dynamic environment.
	GPS Aided		The inertial and gyro system incorporates measurements from GPS to provide a navigation solution.
	Intrinsically Safe		Intrinsically safe (IS) describes equipment and wiring which is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most ignited concentration. The IS terminations and wiring may be brought into any hazardous location of any group classification for which it is accepted, without requiring explosion-proof housing or other means of protection.
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	Additional Outputs
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	Magnetic Field (Magnetometer)		Magnetometers are instruments that measure the strength of a magnetic field, usually the Earth's magnetic field.
	Temperature		The inertial and gyro system is designed to measure temperature.
	Linear Velocity		The inertial and gyro system is designed to measure linear velocity in addition to linear acceleration.
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