Lamps are light sources that emit incoherent light for illumination.

High intensity discharge lamps (HID) contain compact arc tubes, which enclose various gases and metal salts, operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures.

Spectral lamps radiate line spectra of various gases and metal vapors with high brightness and spectral purity

Helium neon (HeNe) lasers have an emission that is determined by neon atoms by virtue of a resonant transfer of excitation of helium.

Lasers are devices that produce intense beams of monochromatic, coherent radiation.

Optical calibration standards are used to calibrate the optical properties of optical detectors and instruments.

Ballasts are power supplies or transformers for fluorescent lamps