Noise generators and sources are used to produce noise outputs for testing radio frequency (RF) equipment

Gunn diodes or transfer electron devices (TED) exhibit a negative resistance region.

Current limiting diodes (CLD) regulate current over a wide voltage range.

Noise standards are used to calibrate other noise instruments

Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power (UV, Visible, and IR) and for the conversion of optical power to electrical power.

Resistor, capacitor networks (RC networks) are integrated circuits (ICs) that contain resistor-capacitor arrays in a single chip.

Photosensor modules are compact light detectors with built-in power supplies.