Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulators and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulators are used to change certain characteristics (amplitude, frequency or phase) of a carrier signal in order to transmit information.

Electro-optic modulators are analog or digital devices that use an electric field to alter the characteristics (e.

Steam traps are automatic valves that release condensate from a steam space while preventing the loss of live steam.

Carbon steels and alloy steels are ferrous alloys that contain carbon and other alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel.

Bit error rate testers are devices or procedures that measure the bit error rate (BER) for a specific transmission.

I/Q modulators and I/Q demodulators change the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal in order to transmit information.

Acousto-optic modulators are devices that use sound waves to modify the amplitude, frequency, or phase of light passing through an acousto-optic material