Optical modulators vary the amplitude and phase of a light beam; e.

Electro-optic modulators are analog or digital devices that use an electric field to alter the characteristics (e.

Fiber optic attenuators are devices that reduce signal power in fiber optic links by inducing a fixed or variable loss.

Acousto-optic modulators are devices that use sound waves to modify the amplitude, frequency, or phase of light passing through an acousto-optic material

Fiber optic modems are used in fiber optic networks for sending and receiving data

Network modems (modulators-demodulators) are devices or programs that allow computers to transmit data over telephone lines.

Carbon steels and alloy steels are ferrous alloys that contain carbon and other alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel.