Instrumentation amplifiers are analog subsystems that amplify low-level signals in the presence of high common mode noise. These differential amplifiers are optimized for DC signals and are typically characterized by high gain, high input impedance, and high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). The most commonly used instrumentation amplifiers include two or three operational amplifiers and several precisely matched resistors. The use of multiple operational amplifiers improves both gain linearity and accuracy. In these devices, CMRR is approximately equal to half the resistor mismatch plus the gain. The output or common mode error is fixed by the resistor mismatch and independent of both the gain and the output signal. Instrumentation amplifiers that include only a single operational amplifiers are also available, but do not achieve the low drift and low bias currents of more advanced devices. |
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