Braze and brazing alloys join metals or other materials without extensive fusion of the substrates. Brazes have a higher melting point (>800° F) than solders and cause little or no metal vaporization, gain growth, stress corrosion, or distortion. There are six basic types of brazing filler alloys: aluminum alloy brazes, copper alloy brazes, gold alloy brazes, nickel alloy brazes, palladium alloy brazes, and silver alloy brazes. Aluminum alloy brazes and aluminum brazing alloys contain aluminum-based compositions such as aluminum-silicon alloys. Copper alloy brazes and copper brazing alloys contain copper-based compositions along with phosphorous, zinc, manganese, or nickel and boron (Cu-Ni-B.) Braze and brazing alloys that are based on gold, nickel, palladium, or silver-alloy compositions are also commonly available. Vacuum grade brazes and vacuum grade brazing alloys are products with suitably low pressure or low volatility for processing in a vacuum furnace. Cadmium-free brazes and cadmium-free brazing alloys are free of cadmium additions. Cadmium, a toxic metallic element, is just one of the braze and brazing alloys prohibited under the European Union’s (EU) Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive. Specialized braze and brazing alloys that contain controlled amounts of copper and nickel may be suitable for brazing ceramics and other non-metallic materials.