Six-axis force and torque sensors measure the full six components of force and torque: vertical, lateral, and longitudinal forces as well as camber, steer, and torque movements. Six-axis force and torque sensors provide electrical outputs as analog current loops, analog voltage levels, frequencies, pulses, switches and relays. Typically, analog current loops are 0 – 20 mA or 4 – 20 mA. Most analog voltage outputs are 0 – 10 V or ± 5 V. Frequency and pulse signals include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and pulse width modulation (PWM). With switch or relay outputs, contacts are open or closed depending on the state of the variable being monitored. Typically, six-axis force and torque sensors are used in strain gauges, piezoelectric devices and optical instruments. They are also used to monitor robotic hand movements and the performance of car and truck tires.